Діалогізм як умова реалізації свободи в іудаїзмі

У статті розглядається проблема співвідношення феномена свободи з такою формою реалізації людської екзистенції, як діалог. Для іудаїзму виявами діалогу на рівні розкриття зв'язку "Я" з "абсолютним Ти" є молитва та пророцтво. Автор доводить, що ці форми діалогу у свій власний спосіб виявляють механізми актуалізації індивідуальної та колективної свободи. Метою свободи виступає повнота розкриття призначення існування людини та людства у світі.In the article examines the problem of comparing the phenomenon of freedom with a form of human realization of existence, such as dialog. For Judaism, prayer and prophecy are the opening to the connection of "I" and the absolute "You". These forms of dialog, in their own way, appear to be mechanisms of the actualization of individual and collective freedom. The goal of this freedom appears to be the full understanding of the purpose of man and humanity in the world

Biobased materialen, circulaire economie en natuurlijk kapitaal

This preliminary study investigates the amount of biomass that would be needed in the Netherlands to replace the fossil raw materials used in the manufacture of plastics and how this transition to biobased plastics can be achieved. It is based on desk research and calculations of the area of agricultural land that would be needed to produce sufficient biobased material to meet Dutch demand for biobased plastics. In addition, interviews were held with experts on the institutional obstacles to such a transition. Far too little agricultural land is available in the Netherlands to produce the required amount of biomass needed to replace fossil plastics. Research with the aim of increasing the contribution made by biobased materials to the circular economy should focus on assessing the options for producing sustainable raw materials and on a comprehensive assessment of the sustainable use of biomass in various applications

Combining bioenergy production and food security

This report analyses whether and how bioenergy can be produced within the context of food insecurity. With this study, the NL Agency aims to contribute to Dutch Development Cooperation policy on food security by showing in which way producing and using biomass for energy does not compete with food security, but contributes to it

Toolkit for a systems analysis framework of the EU bioeconomy : overview of WP2 in the EU FP 7 SAT-BBE project: systems analysis tools framework for the EU Bio-Based Economy Strategy

The objective of the SAT-BBE project is to describe, monitor and model the bioeconomy part of the economic system, by the development of an appropriate conceptual toolkit. In WP1, the concepts of bioeconomy and non-bioeconomy sectors have been defined, the major interactions and feedback effects between the bioeconomy and other parts of the system have been identified and analysed. Also, the likely impacts and trade-offs of the bioeconomy drivers (e.g. economic growth, climate change) have been studied. On its turn, the objective of WP 2 in the SAT-BBE project is to provide an inventory of tools for evaluation and monitoring the EU bioeconomy, according to the data bases required, the indicators available, and the quantitative and qualitative models currently used or under development

Safeguarding the sustainability of bioenergy in Europe. The implementation and impact of the EC Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive

In this study, the sustainability criteria in the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and the Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) are investigated and reviewed. First, an overview is given of the current and future use of bioenergy, and bioenergy policies in the EU are discussed. Next, it is discussed how the RED-FQD sustainability criteria are operationalised into practically indicators, including a critical evaluation of the scientific robustness, completeness and accuracy of the approaches and indicators used in the RED-FQD. Finally, various options are formulated and a discussion is presented on how the sustainability of biofuels can be investigated using economic models such as the global computable general equilibrium model MAGNET (Modular Applied GeNeral Equilibrium Tool). Such an analysis is needed to ascertain the impact of biofuel policies and will help to provide useful insights and advice for policy-makers

Macro-economic Impact Study for Bio-based Malaysia

This Macro-economic Impact Study (MES) provides quantitative insights into the macro-economic effects of introducing green, palmbased alternatives for electricity, fuels, chemicals and materials industries in Malaysia between now and 2030

Evaluating the macroeconomic impacts of bio-based applications in the EU

In 2012, the European Commission (EC) launched the Bioeconomy Strategy and Action Plan with the objective of establishing a resource efficient and competitive society that reconciles food security with the sustainable use of renewable resources. This report contributes to the plan by evaluating the macroeconomic impacts of bio-based applications in the EU. Such effects can only be evaluated with a computable general equilibrium model such as MAGNET. Four bio-based applications are considered, namely biofuel (second generation), biochemicals, bioelectricity, and biogas (synthetic natural gas). This is done assuming that 1 EJ lignocellulose biomass is converted into fuel, chemicals, electricity and gas and that the final product replaces an equal amount of conventional (e.g. fossil energy) product (on energy basis). The results show that given the assumed efficiency of conversion technology, costs of conversion, biomass price and oil price, the production of second generation biofuel and biochemicals are the only competitive sectors compare to their conventional counterparts in the year 2030 for the EU. In the case of the fuel sectors, it represents a net GDP effect of 5.1 billion US dollars while biochemicals generates 6 billion US dollars. A substantial part of this impact can be explained by the increase in wages, since the production of biomass is relatively labour intensive. The resulting increase in wages is transmitted to other sectors in the economy and increases production and consumption. Another important contributor is the lower oil and fuel price as a result of the substitution of oil based fuel production by bio-based fuel production, which in turn benefits the entire econom

The relationship between bioeconomy sectors and the rest of the economy

Deliverable 1.1 of the EU FP 7 SAT-BBE project Systems Analysis Tools Framework for the EU Bio-Based Economy Strateg

Biobrandstoffen? Vooral doorgaan

De wereldvoedselprijzen stijgen door de teelt van gewassen voor de productie van vloeibare biobrandstoffen. Stichting Natuur en Milieu wil daarom stoppen met het stimuleren daarvan. Een erg ongenuanceerde reactie, vindt Edward Smeets, die in mei promoveert op een onderzoek naar de duurzame productie van bio-energie. "Als grondstof voor de huidige zogenoemde eerstegeneratiebiobrandstoffen worden onder meer koolzaad, maïs en palmfruit gebruikt. De sterk groeiende vraag naar deze gewassen kan inderdaad leiden tot concurrentie met de teelt van voedselgewassen en een stijging van de voedselprijzen als gevolg hebben. De toenemende welvaart in landen als China en India heeft echter een veel grotere impact. Een andere belangrijke oorzaak voor de prijsstijgingen zijn de tegenvallende oogsten in West-Afrika en Australië. Biobrandstof is zeker niet de hoofdoorzaak van de gestegen voedselprijzen.